It seems there are no special operators in JQL for such cases but I've found the solution:
using obviously non-existent task names in combination with issueFunction in parentsOf()
like this issueFunction in parentsOf("issue != BLABLA-100")
It works! And if you wanna get issues without subtasks you can put NOT before the request described above
By default it's not possible to get the list of all sub-tasks for the parent issue, you will need a third party for the same like Script runner or JQL Search Extensions for Jira - the JQL extensions which provides the JQL functions to achieve this
Documentation links
https://scriptrunner.adaptavist.com/5.6.9/jira/jql-functions.html#_subtasks
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